Rotated versions of the Jablonowski steady-state and baroclinic wave test cases: A dynamical core intercomparison

The Jablonowski test case is widely used for debugging and evaluating the numerical characteristics of global dynamical cores that describe the fluid dynamics component of Atmospheric General Circulation Models. The test is defined in terms of a steady-state solution to the equations of motion and an overlaid perturbation that triggers a baroclinically unstable wave. The steady-state initial conditions are zonally symmetric. Therefore, the test case design has the potential to favor models that are built upon regular latitude-longitude or Gaussian grids. Here we suggest rotating the computational grid so that the balanced flow is no longer aligned with the computational grid latitudes. Ideally the simulations should be invariant under rotation of the computational grid. Note that the test case only requires an adjustment of the Coriolis parameter in the model code. The rotated test case has been exercised by six dynamical cores. In addition, two of the models have been tested with different vertical coordinates resulting in a total of eight model variants. The models are built with different computational grids (regular latitude-longitude, cubed-sphere, icosahedral hexagonal/triangular) and use very different numerical schemes. The test case is useful for debugging, assessing the degree of anisotropy in the numerical methods and grids, and evaluating the numerical treatment of the pole points since the rotated test case directs the flow directly over the geographical poles. It thereby challenges the polar treatments like polar filters in some models.