Role of sea‐surface salinity in simulating historical decadal variations of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a coupled climate model

Extending climate prediction from seasonal to decadal timescales requires realistic initialization of not only upper ocean heat content but also the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). However, it remains a major challenge to realistically initialize AMOC in a coupled system while also maintaining a balanced atmosphere-ocean initial state. This study demonstrates the feasibility of generating fully coupled historical states with realistic AMOC variability. Employing a forced ocean-sea-ice (FOSI) model simulation as the "truth," we show reproducibility of key features of historical AMOC decadal variability in a fully coupled model by restoring sea-surface salinity, in addition to sea-surface temperature restoring widely used in seasonal prediction. The atmospheric state of the restored coupled model solution is much closer to that of the free coupled simulation than to the observations used in FOSI, pointing to potential advantages of using this approach for initializing decadal predictions with reduced ocean initialization shock.