Production of ice in tropospheric clouds: A review

Ice in the troposphere affects a variety of processes, including the formation of precipitation, and cloud lifetime, albedo, dynamics, and electrification. A lack of understanding of the ways in which ice is created and multiplied hampers progress in understanding all of these processes. We survey the state of knowledge, starting with homogeneous nucleation, where current formulations for freezing from both pure water and solutions have considerable predictive power. However, debate still exists on the underlying mechanisms of nucleation. Using the concepts and framework that homogeneous nucleation provides, heterogeneous nucleation, where neither a commonly agreed upon theory nor even standard measurement technique exists, is considered. Investigators have established the ice-nucleating characteristics of broad classes of substances, such as mineral dust and soot, which are important ice nuclei in the atmosphere, but a coherent theory of why these substances act as they do has yet to emerge. All ice in clouds is the result of a nucleation event, but its concentration can be enhanced by secondary processes that multiply and magnify the original nucleation events. Riming particles splinter in certain conditions, and this process explains many, but not all, instances of ice concentrations that are greater than those created via primary nucleation. It seems that important secondary processes have not been identified, especially in cases with no liquid water.

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Copyright 2005 American Meteorological Society. Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be "fair use" under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC ยง108, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the AMS's permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form on servers, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statement, requires written permission or a license form the AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy, available on the AMS Web site located at (http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS) or from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or copyright@ametsoc.org.


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Author Cantrell, Will
Heymsfield, Andrew
Publisher UCAR/NCAR - Library
Publication Date 2005-06-01T00:00:00
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Topic Category geoscientificInformation
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Metadata Date 2023-08-18T19:04:02.378541
Metadata Record Identifier edu.ucar.opensky::articles:17573
Metadata Language eng; USA
Suggested Citation Cantrell, Will, Heymsfield, Andrew. (2005). Production of ice in tropospheric clouds: A review. UCAR/NCAR - Library. http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7t1550w. Accessed 22 July 2025.

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