Identification

Title

Stratospheric water vapor from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption deduced from COSMIC-2 radio occultation

Abstract

The eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano on 15 January 2022 injected large amounts of water vapor (H2O) directly into the stratosphere. While normal background levels of stratospheric H2O are not detectable in radio occultation (RO) measurements, effects of the HTHH eruption are clearly observed as anomalous refractivity profiles from COSMIC-2, suggesting the possibility of detecting the HTHH H2O signal. To separate temperature and H2O effects on refractivity, we use co-located temperature observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) to constrain a simplified H2O retrieval. Our results show enhancements of H2O up to ~2500–3500 ppmv in the stratosphere (~29–33 km) in the days following the HTHH eruption, with propagating patterns that follow the dispersing volcanic plume. The stratospheric H2O profiles derived from RO are in reasonable agreement with limited radiosonde observations over Australia. The H2O profiles during the first few days after the eruption show descent of the plume at a rate of ~−1 km/day, likely due to strong radiative cooling (~−10 K/day) induced by high H2O concentrations; slower descent (~−200 m/day) is observed over the following week as the plume disperses. The total mass of H2O injected by HTHH is estimated as 110 ± 14 Tg from measurements in the early plumes during 16–18 January, which equates to approximately 8% of the background global mass of stratospheric H2O. These RO measurements provide novel quantification of the unprecedented H2O amounts and the plume evolution during the first week after the HTHH eruption.

Resource type

document

Resource locator

Unique resource identifier

code

http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d72z19gs

codeSpace

Dataset language

eng

Spatial reference system

code identifying the spatial reference system

Classification of spatial data and services

Topic category

geoscientificInformation

Keywords

Keyword set

keyword value

Text

originating controlled vocabulary

title

Resource Type

reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geographic location

West bounding longitude

East bounding longitude

North bounding latitude

South bounding latitude

Temporal reference

Temporal extent

Begin position

End position

Dataset reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2023-04-01T00:00:00Z

Frequency of update

Quality and validity

Lineage

Conformity

Data format

name of format

version of format

Constraints related to access and use

Constraint set

Use constraints

Limitations on public access

None

Responsible organisations

Responsible party

contact position

OpenSky Support

organisation name

UCAR/NCAR - Library

full postal address

PO Box 3000

Boulder

80307-3000

email address

opensky@ucar.edu

web address

http://opensky.ucar.edu/

name: homepage

responsible party role

pointOfContact

Metadata on metadata

Metadata point of contact